Concept Development: Florence Nightingale -Its Con

CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT Florence nightingale make on nursing Theory 1. AIM This assignment delivers an abridged notice of Florence nightingales life, her education, aspirations and career. It as well as discusses the development of treat theory in general, and Florence nightingales influence in by and by treat theorists wrick. Florence nightingales philosophy regarding the milieu was fundamental to her invention of treat and health, which was demonstrated through her work on sanitary reform and hospital construction. 2. BACKGROUND Florence Nightingale was born in 1820 to well-educated, affluent British parents.Her youthful upbringing brought her into aristocratic society, where she made life-long distinguished friends and acquaintances. These would prove pivotal in her work as the founder of modern care for. Schooled by her father in mathematics, languages, religion and philosophy (which were delegate to good white plague in forming her theories), the young Nightingale began her nursing training in Germany. After returning to England, she became Superintendent of the hospital for Invalid Gentlewomen 1. During the 1840s, sanitary reform in the community became a big political issue, which Florence Nightingale zealously embraced.She utilised plans for eliminating sanitation problems on the force wards during her time in the Crimean War. Although medical care in the army was higher than in the community, conditions were still app eaching with blocked latrines, overflowing cesspools and contaminated drinking water. The latter acting an important part in epidemic outbreaks of cholera. 1,2. The soldiers named her as The Lady of the Lamp when she carried her lantern through the corridors at night. In 1855, Florence Nightingale became very ill with Crimean Fever and was not expected to survive. This disease is believed by some to be contagious abortion melitensis. Her symptoms subsided and she returned to England, after which, she founded nursing sch ools at St. Thomas Hospital and at Kings College Hospital. Her achievements beget include her many writings, much(prenominal) as Notes on Hospitals and Notes on the Sanitary State of the Army in India. Florence Nightingale withal compiled statistics and much evidence for the Royal Commission. Hospitals were set up world-wide financed by the Nightingale Fund. Although bed-ridden for much of her later years, she worked prolifically into her eighties, gathering data and expounding her nursing theories. In 1910, Florence Nightingale died at the age of 90 years. . ontogeny of Nursing Theories and Practices Between 1858, when Florence Nightingale first wrote her ideas for the theory and practice of nursing, and the 1950s, there was little diverge to the business orientated, authoritarian concept of nursing practice. The nursing theorists may have started to evolve in order to change this viewpoint. Notable protagonists include Henderson, Peplau, Abdellah and Orem. 4 In addition, rea ctions to the medical paradigm which was well established and developed, may have prompted the change of nursing, from one of traditional symptom orientation to a nursing paradigm in its hold right. go fors 3. 1 & 3. 2 refer). pic Nursing theories have gone through several changes and ideas that were jilted in one stage of development have been accepted in an new-fangled(prenominal). There has been a shift from the former(a) rejection of nursing theories, through the positivistic, quantitative research of the sixties to the recent revival of Florence Nightingales concept of nursing of health and environment. Nursing research has shifted towards the phenomenological viewpoint (the meaning of experience and perceived reality) illustrated in Figure 3. 3. pic Nursing theories prove that nursing is a profession, not simply an occupation.Meleis describes these as being a systematic, retentive body of knowledge with boundaries. There are three pillow slips of nursing theories, accord ing to Alligood and Chong Choi. 1 The first is nursing philosophy, in which the meaning of nursing is realised through analysis, reasoning and logical argument. Exponents of this type of work were archaean theorists. Florence Nightingales work is a philosophical one. The second or grand theorist type gives a conceptual framework in which one can view the world and take into account its aspects. (J. Fawcett 1989)1 6 . Orem and Neuman are examples of this type.The third type are middle range theories, which are derivatives from other works much(prenominal) as grand theories, philosophy of nursing theories or perhaps from other, connect theories. 1 4. Florence Nightingales Influence on Nursing Development and Practice Florence Nightingale was the first nursing theorist. She believed her life in nursing to be a calling from God, her chief mission being to correct the environment in which heap lived and in which people were cared for. Although an innovator, she was overly a product of her time as sanitary reform in the community became a big issue with the educated classes.Her other philosophies influenced nursing theory and practice. These were * Nursing as a profession distinct from Medicine. Gathering of statistical data for apply research The establishment of recognised system of withstand training Definition of Health Dichotomy of nurse / patient of role. The reparative process of disease 4. 1 Environment Florence Nightingale placed great emphasis on the physical aspects of the care setting. These are namely clean air, pure water, efficient drainage, cleanliness and sunlight, 7 which are generally taken for granted in our modern hospitals.She believed these would eradicate the main source of illness, although, Miss Nightingale rejected the theory of bacterial infection on the grounds that she had no empirical evidence to support it. Florence Nightingale believed that building construction, in particular, hospital building, should pay particular atten tion to sanitation and ventilation. This together with the correct sustenance would eliminate much current wildness. Her writings on this subject revolutionised hospital construction. 10. In her Notes on Nursing, she admonished nurses who noisily tripped over fire-irons, thus breaching safety standards. Virginia Henderson wrote of Florence Nightingales influence on her accept work regarding the environment, when she utter, care Miss Nightingale, I have shared an interest in seeing the environment made safer for people. She put more emphasis on fresh air than I, of course, did. I had more opportunity to learn how to authorisation infection than she did. 8. Miss Henderson further enlarged on Florence Nightingales theory to say that nurses should cheer the construction of buildings, purchase of equipment and maintenance in order to minimise chances of injury. 1Kathryn Barnard, speaking in 1966, said that in order for the nurse to assist the patient in promoting and maintaining his / her independence, a change in the patients environment may be necessary. 1 Martha E. Rogers (1970) and Betty Neuman (1995) echoed Florence Nightingales belief that the provision of an environment which was conducive to healing, such as cleanliness, fresh air and calm, were prerequisites for recovery from illness. Nursing theorists widened the concept to include peoples responses to their immediate and broader environment. 9 Rogers holds that the description of someone and environment energy fields are inseparable.Dorothea Orems Universal self-care requisites (1980) lists the maintenance of air, water, food, rest and solitude, as being required by all human beings and adding to these friendly interaction, elimination, activity, social interaction, prevention of hazards and promotion of human functioning. 4. 2 The Profession of Nursing and Health. The idea that there would be a professional body of exclusively female nurses (Miss Nightingale believed women were natural nurture rs) was revolutionary in the plump century. The exception was in psychiatric nursing, where mens physical strength was valued. This view is largely discounted today, of course. She was also passionate about the uniqueness of nursing, existing alongside but not incorporated into, other related disciplines, such as medicine. Adherence to signs, symptoms, surgery, medication and disease prevailed in this era of health care. 5 She was amusing of new scientific thinking, which would turn nurses into medical women. 10 The training of young, more educated nurses in the new progressive schools like St. Thomas Hospital, included Florence Nightingales own concept of health hygiene, environment and care. Her belief was that health was a state of wellness, desired by the patient and gained by using all power available, to the fullest extent. 110 Miss Nightingale combined both health education with sick nursing in her teachings, a practice which is very much in evidence today. Hildegard Peplau , followed Florence Nightingale, in 1952, and pioneered a knowledge-based nursing practice, which included education and research distinguishing it from medicine-based health care. 1, 11 In 1987, Rosemarie Rizzo Parse echoed the need for nursing to move away from the medical fabric in order to evolve. 4. 3 Concept of Nursing and statistical Data Gathering In 1970, Martha Rogers took Miss Nightingales concept of nursing and redefined it as a constant human interaction with the environment. 5 She lauded Miss Nightingales ability to place the person within the framework of the natural world, by her vision of health and by supporting this with statistical data. 1 Rosemarie Rizzo Parse was greatly influenced by Martha Rogers. She believed that, since Florence Nightingales time, nursing owed its existence to piece of music and Health. 1 4. 4 Nurse/ Patient Role and her Model of NursingFlorence Nightingale believed disease to go through a reparative process Her model of nursing reflected her belief that nature would cure the patient by the actions of the nurses control on the environment, 12 the patients role was a hands-off one, with little or no say in the way in which he or she was treat by the health care team. Few would argue that nursing theories has taken a more holistic approach than was the case in Florence Nightingales time. A legacy of the Nightingale School is the array terminology used by Miss Nightingale from her time spent in army nursing.Phrases such as on duty, off duty and sick leave are still in use today. 10 5. Conclusion Florence Nightingale saw nurses as women who were not further professionals in their own right, (a revolutionary concept for Victorian England, when most women were subservient to male domination) but were to be instrumental in bringing about changes in order to improve the environment in its broadest sense. By this token, she was also the first health educator. Miss Nightingale presented her own empirical evidence i. e. ba sed on her own experiences and observations, as established facts. She was a believer in research. Her gathering of statistical data was used to give credence to her hypotheses on her epidemiological studies. She laid the foundations for a recognised system of nurse training, not only in this country, but abroad. However, those nurse educators, who followed in Florence Nightingales footsteps in teaching young (and from an progressively higher social class) women in the art of nursing, failed to differentiate between the goals and focus of nursing and of medicine. The medical model tended to neglect the patient as a human being. Furthermore, nursing creativity would be stifled (at least in the U. K. ) under a regimented, task-orientated regime until the early 1950s until the emergence of new nursing theorists, such as Peplau (1952), Henderson (1955) and Orem (1958). Some of Florence Nightingales practices and beliefs have been largely discontinued or discounted today, such as the pa thology of dirt and dampness, her disregard to the germ theory, and the fact that the patient was non-participative of his/her method of care. This lack of holism was perhaps in keeping with her time. 1.Her vision of nurses as innovators for social health reform, continues to inspire us today. End of Assignment REFERENCES 1. Marrinner-Tomey, A. (1994). Nursing Theorists and their Work. St. Louis, Missouri Mosby. 2 Dingwall, R. , Rafferty, A. M. , Webster, C. (1988). An Introduction to the Social History of Nursing. London Routledge 3 Baly, M. E. (Nov. 13. 1996). Different history for Nightingale illness, Letters.Nursing Standard, 8 (11) 10. Harrow, Middx. , R. C. N. Publishing Company. 4 Castledine, G. (1994). A definition of nursing based on nurturing, 3 (3) 134. British Journal of Nursing. 5 Meleis, A. I. (1985). Theoretical Nursing Development and Progress. Pennsylvania J. B. Lippincott Company. 6 Fawcett, J. (1989). Analysis and valuation of conceptual models of n ursing. In A. Marrinner-Tomey (Ed). Nursing Theorists and their Work. St. Louis, Missouri Mosby. 7 Nightingale, F. (1992). Notes on Nursing.London Scutari Press. 8 Smith, J. P. (1989). Virginia Henderson The First 90 years. London Scutari Press. 9 Pearson, A. , Vaughan, B. , Fitzgerald, A. (1991). 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