Exploring the Characters of Havisham and Magwich in Dickens Great Expectations :: Great Expectations Essays

Dickens seems to develop characters who are so compelling that the contributor needs to know whats going to happen next...When we head start met Magwich he seems to be a nasty and manipulative convict, bullying a small, naive little boy called Pip for staple food of which he is lacking, shortly after Pip meets him again but your opinion of Magwich changes entirely he defends Pip of the stealing actions he bullied him into. Then he is unthought-of for some time in the book until he appears again after Pips transformation from young lower class boy to a gentleman. The item he is the reason of Pips transformation shows him as the hero, but he is still wanted for crime. Magwich from the first time we meet him is described in great event by timid Pip who isnt described in a lot of detail at all, almost as if his identity is left for the reader to decide. Magwich is described as ...a fearful man, all in course gray, with a great iron on his leg. A man with no hat, and with scattered s hoes and with an old rag tied around his head. The fact that he isnt wearing a hat in the Victorian propagation was considered rude, however he is wearing an rag proving he is dignified and polite but old rag suggests he is poor and of the lower class. The setting when Magwich first appears is at the graveyard there seems to be an air of death, raw and gloomy setting. The setting seems too described in great depth as if its important to the story the setting seems to mirror Magwich bleak and raw and lonely and isolated. This seems to represent his life and neglection. Whereas the same setting for Pip is peaceful place to mark his late mother and father, seemingly now he is left with this elder sister who treats him and her blacksmith husband, Joe, terribly.As well as this when we first meet Miss Havisham in chapter 8 she is described with a lengthy description also. Her appearance is described as skeleton like and decaying. She is trapped in a time bow due to her own accord, livi ng in a neglected house in the same room at the exact same time as her soon to be husband competent left her, the misfortune of her neglection left her bitter and seemingly slightly twisted for example she wants Pip and Estella to play.

Analysis of The Moose Essay -- Elizabeth Bishop The Moose Essays

Analysis of The MooseElizabeth Bishops The Moose is a narrative poem of 168 lines. Its twenty-eight six-line stanzas are not rigidly structured. Lines alter in length from four to eight syllables, but those of five or six syllables predominate. The pattern of stresses is lax enough almost to blur the distinction amidst verse and prose the rhythm is that of a low-keyed speaking voice hovering over the descriptive details. The eyewitness account is meticulous and restrained. The poem concerns a bus change of location to Boston through the landscape and towns of New Brunswick. While driving through the woods, the bus stops because a moose has wandered onto the road. The appearance of the animal interrupts the peaceful drum of elderly passengers voices. Their talkresignedly revolving itself round such topics as recurrent human failure, sickness, and deathis silenced by the unexpected advent of the beast, which redirects their thoughts and imparts a beatific sensation of joy to their quite ordinary, provincial lives. The poem is launched by a protracted introduction during which the speaker indulges in descriptions of landscape and local color, deferring until the fifth stanza the real statement regarding what is happening to whom a bus journeys west. This initial postponement and the leisurely accumulation of apparently trivial but realistic detail contribute to the atmospherical build-up heralding the unique occurrence of the journey. That event will take place as late as the middle of the twenty-second stanza, in the last third of the text. It is moreover in retrospect that one realizes the full import of that happening, and it is only with the last line of the final stanza that the reader gains the necessary distance to grasp entirely the available role of the earlier descriptive parts. Now the reader will be ready to tackle the poem again in order to notice and fuddle in its subtle nuances. Bishops artistry will lie plain, particularly her capacity to impart life to a rather unnerving redundancy of objects and to project a lofty poetic vision from a humble, prosaic incident. Forms and Devices Description and narrative are the chief modes of this poem. Nevertheless, at critical moments the actual utterance of the anonymous characters is invited in (Yes, sir,/ all the way to Boston). The binder of these varied procedures is the speak... ...such a dialogue by mocking the hooting of owls. To his delight, the birds responded in kind. In between the mystic silences, natures deeper secret motions flooded the boys heart and soul. For the British Romantic, such a communion with nature could still be available to a few elected liquor whose purity and innocence had already marked them for intense experiences and an early death. Hollander also noted a connection between Robert Frosts poem The Most of It and The Moose. Frost had his mannish protagonist proudly call out to nature for something more than the copy speech that the Winander Boy had elicited from his owls. His wish for counter-love, original response was finally given(p) by the sheer chance appearance of a powerful buck that, lordlike, tore his way through tarn and wilderness without bothering at all to acknowledge the straw man of the human intruder. By contrast, Bishops female moose has the curiosity to approach the trespassing bus in order to look it over and assess it in her mute, peaceable way. Finally, it is the bus that, pressed for time, leaves the spother territorywhile the moose remains on the moonlit macadam road without budging.

Growth of NYS Business :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Growth of NYS Business For a number of reasons, business enterprisingness in New York grew by leaps and bounds between 1825 and 1860. New Yorks growth between the years 1825 and 1860 can be attri excepted to a number of factors. These include but cannot be limited to the construction of the Erie Canal, the invention of the telegraph, the developed of the railroads, the establishment of Wall Street and banking, the textile, shipping, agriculture and newpaper industries, the development of steam power and the use of iron products. On October 26, 1825 the Erie Canal was opened. The canal immediately became an important commercial route connecting the East with the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys. With tht time of travel cut to one-third and the cost of shipping encumbrance cut to one-tenthof the previous figures, commerce via the canal soon made New York City the chief port of the Atlantic. The festering urban population and the contruction of canals, railroads and factories stimulat ed the necessity for raw materials and food stuffs. In 1836 four-fifths of the tonnage over the Erie Canal came from western New York (North, 105). Much of this cargo was in the form of agriculture goods. The farmer sound a shrewed businessaman of sorts as he tended to produce whatever products would leave him the greatest profit margin. The rise of the dairy industry was by far the most world-shaking development in the agricultural history of the state between 1825 and 1860. Farmers discovered that cows were their most relliable money-makers, since both the domestic and foreign market kept demanding much dairy products (Ellis, 273). Price flucuations became increasingly important for the farming population between 1825 and 1860. Prices rose from the low level of the early 1820s until the middle 1830s and the farmers shared in the commonplace prosperity (271). Although the rapid industrialization and urbanization of New York had a great deal to do with the success of agricultu ral markets sporadic demand from aboard as a result of the Irish famine, the Crimean War and the repeal of the Corn Laws in England also contributed(North, 141). During this period Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York and Virginia, in that order were the leading wheat growing states. Between the years 1840 and 1850 New York ranked first in the production of beef. The absence of politic party differences on issues related to

Comparing Sir Walter Raleighs The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd to Chr

Comparing Sir Walter capital of North Carolinas The Nymphs Reply to the shepherd to Christopher Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Sir Walter capital of North Carolina wrote The Nymphs Reply to the Shepherd in 1600 to respond to Christopher Marlowes The Passionate Shepherd to His Love written in 1599. In The Passionate Shepherd to His Love, the Shepherd apply double-entendres and hidden sexual images in an attempt to trick the Nymph into performing sexual intercourse with him. The Shepherd attempted to convince the Nymph that he would conduce her the various presents and pleasures that he described, but in reality his gifts only comprised of sexual meanings. However, the Nymph was exceedingly intelligent and conscious of the Shepherds hidden seductions. She was so smart, that she hastily spurned the Shepherds proposal by using the exact words that the Shepherd used in his request. The Shepherd in Marlowes poem used disguised sexual images in hope that the Nymph would be attracted to him. The Shepherd first offered the Nymph ...valleys, groves, hills, and fields, / woods, or steepy mountain yields ( ). He hopes that the Nymph would interpret the images as places he would like to interest her, but in actuality the Shepherd was describing to the Nymph the various parts and curves of her body which he would like to explore. The Nymph replies to his offer by stating The flowers do fade, and wanton fields, / to perverted winter reckoning yields ( ). Which means that things change and though the Shepherd has a sexually unrestrained body, that through time he will become stubborn and unwilling to continue the sexual pleasures. As the poem continues, the Shepherd offers the Nymph a belt of straw and ivy buds ( ). The belt and ... ... have moved you, and then come live with me so that we may continue making these pleasures. The Nymph replied with If truth in every shepherds tongue/ these pretty pleasures might me move (2-3). She would be moved by what the Shepherd said if he wanted more from her than just a sexual relationship. Through reading the works by Marlowe and Raleigh its determined that the shepherd had only sexual feelings for the Nymph. The poems showed no acts of love, only sexual desires that the Shepherd was feeling and a strong sense of rejection from the Nymph. The Nymph did an extraordinary concern of standing up for herself. The Shepherd failed in his plan to trick the Nymph and ended up looking like a jackass. Works CitedMarlowe, Christopher. The Passionate Shepherd to His Love. From The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Sixth ed. New York Norton, 1993.

Essay on Diomedes, the True Hero of Homer’s Iliad -- Iliad essays

Diomedes, the True Hero of The Iliad In The Iliad, written in a tertiary person omniscient point of view, Homer gives a in truth serious account of the tenth and last year of the Trojan War. It was in Homers account that the very idea of becoming a legendary hero reached its pinnacle the choice of the better hero was not decided on the events they participated in, but rather by their characteristics. The ancient Greeks had strict criteria for individuals to follow if they were to be seen as heroes. Above all in all, a man needed to be a skilled warrior, but this was not the that requirement. To be a hero, a warrior had to respect ascendency, both governmental and religious. The Greeks gave heroes no room for pride. These men were to be modest, not only giving credit to their gloss and the gods for any great deeds they had done, but also accepting everything that happened as Fate, not scenarios they had created for themselves. In other words, they did not make themselves what the y were rather, they had been predestined to become it. The net requirement of being a hero was coolness. Heroes were not permitted to be blinded by rage or have mood swings. In The Iliad, two Greeks are presented to the reader as heroes. They are Achilles and Diomedes. Although they are both good contenders for the title of hero, Diomedes is by far the better of the two. Diomedes is one of the finest and bravest of the Greek warriors. He is respectful to all authority figures and has little or no pride. Always wise and reasonable, he may be the vision of the perfect nobleman. Both Achilles and Diomedes easily meet the stolon requirement, that a hero must have skill on the battlefield. Throughout The Iliad, Homer tells of their incredible (though usually go... ...kill in battle, respect for authority, humility, and coolness under fire. non many men met all requirements, including Achilles, but they were still viewed as heroes. Between Achilles and Diomedes, Diomedes was the bett er choice for the title of hero. He was one of the finest Greek soldiers. Diomedes was respectful of authority, gangrene about his successes, and was very levelheaded. Achilles had great fighting skill as well however, he had trouble respecting authority and keeping his cool, both results of his excessive pride. If Achilles had not been so prideful, he could have been a much greater warrior and hero, perhaps achieving status equal to the gods. He simply had too much pride. Diomedes was humble therefore, it was easier for him to respect authority and keep a level head. Works CitedFagles, Robert, trans. The Iliad. New York Penguin Books, 1990.

Essay on Diomedes, the True Hero of Homer’s Iliad -- Iliad essays

Diomedes, the True Hero of The Iliad In The Iliad, written in a 3rd person omniscient point of view, Homer gives a genuinely serious account of the tenth and last year of the Trojan War. It was in Homers account that the very idea of becoming a legendary hero reached its tip the choice of the better hero was not decided on the events they participated in, but rather by their characteristics. The ancient Greeks had strict criteria for individuals to follow if they were to be seen as heroes. higher up all, a man needed to be a skilled warrior, but this was not the only requirement. To be a hero, a warrior had to respect authority, both governmental and religious. The Greeks gave heroes no room for pride. These men were to be modest, not only giving credit to their culture and the gods for any great deeds they had done, but also pass judgment everything that happened as Fate, not scenarios they had created for themselves. In other words, they did not make themselves what they were r ather, they had been predestined to become it. The final requirement of being a hero was coolness. Heroes were not permitted to be blinded by rage or have mood swings. In The Iliad, two Greeks are presented to the reader as heroes. They are Achilles and Diomedes. Although they are both well contenders for the title of hero, Diomedes is by far the better of the two. Diomedes is one of the finest and bravest of the Greek warriors. He is respectful to all authority figures and has little or no pride. Always bright and reasonable, he may be the vision of the perfect nobleman. Both Achilles and Diomedes easily meet the first requirement, that a hero must have skill on the battlefield. Throughout The Iliad, Homer tells of their incredible (though usually go... ...kill in battle, respect for authority, humility, and coolness under fire. Not many men met all requirements, including Achilles, but they were still viewed as heroes. Between Achilles and Diomedes, Diomedes was the better choi ce for the title of hero. He was one of the finest Greek soldiers. Diomedes was respectful of authority, humble about his successes, and was very levelheaded. Achilles had great fighting skill as well however, he had trouble respecting authority and keeping his cool, both results of his excessive pride. If Achilles had not been so prideful, he could have been a much greater warrior and hero, perchance achieving status equal to the gods. He simply had too much pride. Diomedes was humble therefore, it was easier for him to respect authority and keep a level head. Works CitedFagles, Robert, trans. The Iliad. New York Penguin Books, 1990.

Marketing Mix Analysis of iPad Essay

Executive SummaryManaging and developing trade mix appropriately is extremely important to trustys food marketing and success. In point to marketing product successfully, the right product must be exhibited to right people at the right place, right equipment casualty and right time. If a firm give the bounce manage the marketing mix successfully, as a result, it butt end be a source of competitive advantage for firms. Each element of the marketing mix should be analyzed and if necessary, adapted to ensure that the right balance is achieved to give the product or service the very best chance of success in the market place.orchard apple tree is a successful union and its previous product iPod has a high market share in the global market due to its brand perception and image as s high quality innovative brand. In 2010, orchard apple tree launched an innovative product iPad in US, which is a tablet computer with touch screen. Even in the first launching date iPad had been sold 0.3 million units. The product no doubt is getting backing of apples brand image and it has changed the way to consumer lifestyle. That is why iPad is thought as a revolutionary who will arouse a wave to electronic industry.orchard apple trees iPad delivered the harbor to the guest via marketing mix tools c alled the 4Ps* Product looks good and works well.* Right price.* Right place at the right time.* victorious promotion helps to a larger output.Apple followed this by innovation and introducing new products in the market to satisfy consumers needs and wants. The current causality hither will use the theories, concepts of marketing mix to analysis the iPad.The remainder of this essay is structured into five parts. It begins by defining marketing mix and its evolution. Second, it analyse the company, iPad, its enemy and consumer. Third, it illuminates the marketing mix by analysing iPad. Finally it ends with the everyplaceall assessment and conclusion.Contents1. gate and Def inition31.1Definition of selling31.2Definition of Customer Value and Value proposition31.3Definition of Marketing jumble42.Description of Apple & iPad42.1Brief Introduction of Apple42.2Introduction of iPad52.3Brief Consumer Profile62.4Brief Competitor Profile73.Marketing Mix Analysis of iPad73.1Product73.2monetary lever103.3Place123.4Promotion144.Assessment of Overall Value Delivered165.Conclusion166.References181. Introduction and Definition2.1 Definition of MarketingMarketing is the process by which individuals and groups obtain what they need and want through creating and exchanging products and value with otherwises and forging relationships with guests. (Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, 2009). This definition recognizes the importance of creating a large term relationship with clients and identifies the importance of satisfying node wants.2.2 Definition of Customer Value and Value Proposition Customer value is the difference mingled with the values that the customer gain s from owning and using a product and the costs of obtaining the product. Put it simply, customer value is created when the perceptions of benefits received from a transaction exceed the costs of ownership. The same idea can be expressed as a ratio (Chiristopher, 1996) Customer value = Perceptions of benefitsThe definition of customer value proposition is a well defined and persuasive marketing statement related to a specific product or service that detail the reasons why a consumer would benefit from purchasing it. A value proposition is the definition of a firms promise to create and deliver customer value (Chapelet and Tovstiga, 1998). shape 1.2.1 A model of value creation and the marketing process source Adapted from Kotler Brown Burton Deans Armstrong, (2010), Marketing 8th Edition material body 1.2.1 shows a typical model of value creation and the marketing process. Put it simple, marketing is a process cycle which consists of 5 simple steps as below i. Customer buys or pote ntial customer is contacted to understand the marketplace. ii. Finding out how the customer liked the product or what is needed. iii. Analysing these data and creating a platform that includes goals, strategy and its marketing mix. iv. Implement the plan that delivers value to customer which results in the customers buying the product and creating customer delight. v. Repeating the cycle beginning with step (i) to step (iv) to make a better product sold with a better plan and continuously keeping this cycle going. Hence, create dinero and customer equity.2.3 Definition of Marketing MixThe concept of the Marketing Mix was first created by Neil H. Borden in his article called The concept of the Marketing Mix in 1964. In his article he explained the importance of a market to try to mix ingredients in their process in the market in order to be successful.E. Jerome McCarthy later grouped these ingredients into the four categories that are known as the 4Ps of marketing (Product, Price, Place and Promotion).Product What does the customer want from the product/service? Price What is the value of the product or service to the buyer? Place Where do buyers look for the product or service?Promotion Where and when can get across the marketing messages to targetmarket? 2. Description of Apple & iPad3.4 Brief Introduction of AppleApple Inc., founded in 1976, is an American multinational corporation which is best-known for its computer hardware and software products. The hardware products are Macintosh, iPod, iPhone and iPad. One example of the famous software of Apple is iTunes, a proprietary media player application that works with iTunes store and allows customers to download music and offers other features of consumer electronics.Fortune magazine named Apple as the most admired company in the US in 2008, and in the world from 2008 to 2012.3.5 Introduction of iPadOn January 27, 2010, Apple introduced the much-anticipated media tablet, the iPad (As shown in trope2. 2.1). image 2.2.1 Introduction of iPad (source www.apple.com)The iPad measure 9.7 inch wide screen display with multi touch screen with 1024 x 768 resolutions which is lighter and gauze-like than any other notebooks or laptops. Its internal 25 watt-hour battery can run up to 10 hours of video, 140 hours of audio playback and one month on standby as Apple claims. Steve Jobs stated that, with the introduction of the iPad, Apple had opened a market for a new class of mobile devices. (As shown in Fig 2.2.2)Fig2.2.2 Apple iPad First Hands-on (source http//www.ipadforums.net)3.6 Brief Consumer ProfileConsumer market can be defined as all the individuals and households who buy or acquire goods and service for personal breathing in and consumer buying behavior can be defined as the buying behavior of final consumers, individuals and households who buy goods and services for personal consumption (Kotler, 2009). circuit card 2.3.1 shows the analysis of market segmentation for iPad.SEGMENTA TION BASE SELECTEDSEGMENTATION VARIABLESGeographic SegmentationRegion West Malaysia, east MalaysiaCity size Major metropolitan areas, citiesDensity of area UrbanClimate Hot, humid, rainyDemographic SegmentationAge 18-34, 35-49, 50-64Sex Male, femaleMarried status Single, married, divorced, living together Income RM40,000 and overEducation College, college graduate, postgraduateOccupation Professional, white-collarPsychologicalNeeds Sense of self-worth, fashionablePersonality Extroverts, novelty-seeker, aggressivesPerception Low-riskLearning-involvement High-involvementAttitudes Possitive attitudePsychographicLifestyle Couch-potatoes, outdoor enthusiasts, status-seekers Cultures Malay, Chinese, Indian, and other foreigners theology Muslim, buddhism, hinduism, christian, catholic, and others Social Middle, upperFamily Bachelors, young married, full nesters, empty nesters determination-Rated SegmentationUsage rate Heavy users, medium usersAwareness status Aware, interested, enthusiast icBrand allegiance StrongUse-Situation SegmentationTime Leisure, work, morning, nightObjective Personal, fun, achievementLocation Home, work, mega mall, restaurantPerson Self, family members, friends, peersBenefit Segmentation Convenience, kindly evaluateance, easy e-book evinceing, value-for-the-money, service Table 2.3.1 Market segmentation for iPadFrom analysis above can see that most of Apples users are high-end clients who have the strong purchasing power, easily accept new technology and they are very loyal to Apple.3.7 Brief Competitor ProfileApple iPad bring threats and impact to PC industry in both(prenominal) way. On one hand, the hot-sell of iPad attracts galore(postnominal) PC manufacturers set foot in this field. So the other tablet computers will be the biggest competitor, such as blackberrys playbook, this is a tablet computer which located in melodic line person, and it will besides attract publics eyes because of its vast multimedia system function.On the o ther hand, the price advantage of netbook is also a challenge to iPad. After all compared with traditional computer, iPad may not a necessity. To whatsoever business and professional people, they will choose the traditional notebook rather than iPad.3. Marketing Mix Analysis of iPadAccording to the information that searches from magazines and internet, the author knows many information of iPad. The author here will use the theories, concepts of marketing mix to analysis the iPad.4.8 ProductProduct means the goods-and-services combination the company offers to the target market. (Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, 2009).The iPad bridges the gap between smart phone and laptop, it offers equivalent range of features and functions that a computer does. It has internet capabilities running on both Wi-Fi and 3G. Some of the features are discussed previously. Fig 3.1.1 shows its tech specs. access code to Apple Apps Store which has over 300,000 applications and to iTunes are attractive feat ures of iPad.Fig 3.1.1 Tech Specs for Apple iPad (source http//www.apple.com)Value delivered to customer1) Convenient to Carry and Easy to UseCompared to functionalities and performance, it is surprised that iPad weighs only 1.5 pounds. It is very thin and sleek measuring only 0.5 inches.This lightweight iPad is very useful for business trip, making it easy to transport as compared to a laptop. Not only it is easier to carry it around, notwithstanding also be able to use it to check e-mails, show videos and photos to people instantly whenever required with its long battery life, which at 10 hours is 2-5 times longer than a notebook (As shown in Fig 3.1.2).Fig 3.1.2 E-mail and photo function for iPad (source http//www.cnbeta.com)2) Easy for E-Book denotationOne benefit that cant miss is the iBooks Application. Customer can download the favorite e-books to iPad and read while traveling (As shown in Fig 3.1.3).Fig 3.1.3 E-books on Apple iPad (source http//www.telegraph.co.uk)Retrievi ng books to read on ibooks application on iPad is simply easy. Browse through the e-bookshelf on the iPad, choose one title wish to read and click, the book opens in front. Customer can view the book in portrait or landscape, and the way the pages flip is awesome flip it with finger and looks alone like a real book.3) Excellent Service for CustomerWhats more, the service of iPad is very nice. Apple has its own key service iTunes. Customer can get this value to enjoy the all kinds of internet resources such as music, video and applications (As shown in Fig 3.1.4).Fig 3.1.4 iTunes on Apple iPad (source http//www.ipadforums.net guardian.co.uk guardia guardia)The iTunes online store makes it incredibly easy to purchase songs and load them onto the devices. When customer wants to watch or listen, they neither need to search from the CDs nor television channels. What they need to do is just opening the iTunes, all they want is in iTunes, it let the media browse much faster, it is easi er to sort. 4.9 PricePrice is the amount of money customers have to pay to obtain the product. (Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, 2009).The iPad is priced starting from $499 for 16 GB storage to $829 for 64GB storage and 3G connectivity. In detail, tab 3.2.1 shows the price of iPad selling in Malaysia.iPad 16G 32G 64GWi-Fi RM 1, 549.00 RM 1, 849.00 RM 2, 149.00Wi-Fi + 3G RM 1, 999.00 RM 2, 299.00 RM 2, 599.00Tab 3.2.1 Selling price of iPad (source http//www.apple.com guardian.co.uk guardia guardia)Value delivered to customer1) Eco-friendly Device for Environment justificationThe iPad is make of recyclable glass and Aluminum and the packaging material is recyclable & the packing is efficiently done. It is not using Arsenic, PVC, bromine fire, Mercury as the company has restricted the use of harmful chemicals.With such price, customers are not buying the fashionable device only, more importantly, they are making contribution to environment protection. Fig 3.2.1 shows how green is the i Pad.Fig3.2.1 How green is the iPad (source http//sortable.com)2) Flexible Price as Actual NeedsThe iPad price varies according to its storage capacity and the internet access capacity, which leads to reducing the initial cost on the first ever tablets based on customers actually needs and application (As shown in Fig3.2.2).Fig3.2.2 Price and configuration of the iPad (source http//www.apple.com)3) exist Saving with Maxis Bundled PackageIt is available on Maxis bundled packages with a 24-month contract based on different types of iPad internet plan (As shown in Fig 3.2.3). By doing so, the price of iPad has been dropped down from RM450 to RM950. The plan is much more attractive not only for those who cant afford to pay for the high price, but also for some of the SME to extend their business.Fig 3.2.3 Maxis iPad Bundled Packages (source http//www.maxis.com.my) 4.10 PlacePlace includes company activities that make the product available to target consumers. (Philip Kotler, Gary Armst rong, 2009).Apple started selling the iPad not only from its official websites, but also retail outlets and Apple Store.Value delivered to customer1) Easy Walk-in Location for PurchaseThe iPad can be purchased from Apple Store, Apple Premium Reseller and Apple Authorized Reseller located in Malaysia.All shops are conveniently located and beautifully designed, identified by the large backlit Apple logo, such as in most famous shopping mall like Sunway Primary, One Utama, KLCC and Mid Valley in Selangor, even in Melaka,Penang, Sabah and Sarawak. The value is so easy for customer to come and have a journey on iPad (As shown in Fig 3.3.1).Fig 3.3.1 Apple shops in MalaysiaIn each shop, customer will be able to find dedicated Apple-trained and Apple-certified Mac experts who can come up with the right solution for you.2) Time-Saving Online OrderApple iPad are also available on internet for the customers on Apples website. Online purchase is the easiest and time saving way for most of them (As shown in Fig 3.3.2).Fig3.3.2 Online Apple store for iPad (source http//www.apple.com)On the website, the Apple explains the image of features and benefits of iPad. This adds the value to the consumers as convenience is a value that people appreciate and for which they will pay more than the actual price.3) Golden Service for Apple LoyaltyWhen customer are on the go, the Apple Store app is the best way to research, personalize and buy products from Apple and get the most out of customers visits to the Apple Retail Store for Apple loyal fans. Fig 3.3.3 shows what can do with the Apple Store app on the iPhone or iPod touch from search to pay.Fig3.3.3 Apple store apps for iPhone and iPod Touch (source http//www.apple.com)4.11 PromotionPromotion means activities that communicate the merits of the product and persuade target customers to buy it. (Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong, 2009)Apple Company had been promoting the iPad with the help of social media campaigns and multi-channel m edia strategy.Value delivered to customer1) Multiple Channel for Better Understanding of iPadThe online promotion by Apple on Facebook, YouTube and other related websites approaches to the consumers added more value to the ratiocination of consumers of buying iPad. Same like in stores all the information is available online for customers. Customers can download brochure from its website for their convenience.When Apple announced the idea of iPad, most fans import blogs and share through internet. Customer will see them and many videos about iPad, some of them are made by Apple and some are made by other people. These blogs and videos are shared by many other people through many ways (As shown in Fig 3.4.1).Fig3.4.1 Video sacramental manduction about iPad (source http//www.9to5iPad.com/)2) Custom Engraving of iPadApple had offered free iPad engraving from its online store, allowing customers to add a personal touch to the tablet in time for the holiday seasons (As shown in Fig 3.4 .2). Customers are given the option to engrave up to 2 lines of free text on the back of an iPad after selecting an iPad model and any craved accessories from the online store.Fig 3.4.2 Website about iPad engraving (Source http//store.apple.com/)3) Free Delivery for On-line PurchaseWhen purchasing the iPad online from Apples official website, customer will get the value of free delivery. Just wait for 3-4 business days, the product will be arrived on hand safely. 4. Assessment of Overall Value DeliveredApple has always move a major emphasis on the marketing and the brand awareness of its products. The iPads advantage is that they offer several different features in one product. meet all the new technology into one product is the route apple is seeking. Its making life easier for their consumers by being able to conduct many applications in the one product.Apples iPad followed all the 4Ps of marketing mix to deliver the high level of value to the customers. The company has manufact ured an iPad using strong in-built applications. The gadget permits people to work and entertain anytime anywhere, as a value of experiencing its easy and convenient use. It provides value to customers through a huge number of features which helps in saving time and energy. Adding more to customer value the price of iPad is competitive and flexible in the market as discussed above. It advertised on T.V., newspapers, magazine, radios and also on internet, which makes people have clearer understanding in various channel. It provides value by available at all the apple stores and website.From the iPads 4Ps analysis, we can easily see the difference of it, and can answer the question why people buy it which seems unnecessary product. Apple iPad satisfy their needs and this delivers the value as a product and service in terms of features, style performance, durability, quality, reliability and design to the customer. 5. ConclusionApple iPad is a new product which has made a dent in the h istory of tablet business domain and the first successful product. This has also ignited the demand for new and improved tablets from Apple and other competitors.Apple has used the 4Ps of marketing in a very efficient and proper manner, so that added the value to the customers decisions of purchasing iPad. When Apple introduced iPad, they intended to come across the consumers wants and demands which would satisfy to their lifestyles. Apple in future which demands more innovative products and the company still need to adapt to pass judgment changes in iPad which they have already started in their new iPad 2. With their experience, they are able to continue strengthen its position in the industry.6. References1. Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong. (2009). Principles of Marketing. (7th Edition). Australia. Pearson. 2. Kotler Brown Burton Deans Armstrong. (2010). Marketing (8th Edition). Australia. Pearson. 3. Borden, N. H. (1964). The concept of the Marketing Mix. Journal of Advertising Re search. Vol II 4. APDGT YAMAMOTO. Understanding Customer Value Concept Key To Success. pp. 547-552. 5. Chapelet, B. and Tovstiga, G. (1998), Development of a research methodology for accessing a firms business process-related technologies, International Journal of Technology Management, Vol. 15 Nos , pp. 10-30. 6. Apple Annual Reports, 20107. www.apple.com8. www.maxis.com.my

Discrimination and Ethnicity

With more than six billion tidy sum in this world, with a huge variety of human shapes, colours and sizes can race really be defined? As spate spread across the world. Mixing among each other creating new kinds of faces thither is no dead on target race. But people such as Hitler believed that the Aryans where the superior race responsible got the cultural achievements in Europe and that they has to stop racial contamination that would take from breeding with subscript races by destroying them. Which caused the slaughtering of those deemed inferior Jews, gypsies, homosexuals, slaves, and people with disabilities.It didnt stop here, youd think the world would try to make a difference scarcely as Hitler era was fading, the ethnic cleansing by Serbs in Bosnia, the mass killings of Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994 were and are stilling taking place years after Hitler. What these people failed to check off is that there is no pure race. People show such a mixture of physical char wagereris tics in skin color, hair textures, soundbox shapes, eye color, height, weight and so on that there can non be a pure race. Our characteristics follow endlessly together, the mapping of genome system shows that were strikingly homogenous.Although large convocations of people can be classified by blood type and gene frequencies they still cannot be classified as a race. The idea of a race in far from a myth, its embedded in our culture, it is part of our everyday becomes. Sociologist D. S. Thomas observed that if people define situations as real, theyre real in their consequences in other words, people define situations as real, theyre real in their consequences in other words, people act on beliefs, not facts (Beckwith and Jones, 1997). As a result to that we will always have people like Hitler who feel that killing people that they believe is inferior is perfectly fine.Incidents such as the above still happen in instantlys world but they are hidden from the public eye, what i snt hidden and does continue toady seems as if no one is trying to make a difference is prejudice and discrimination, a war that will neer stop. Prejudice can be defined as a prejudging of some sort, discrimination on the other hand can be defined as an action, and unfair treatment directed against someone on basis of their age, sex, height, origin, marital status, education, income, religion, etc, but when its due to race we usually call it racism.Why are people prejudices? The parking area sense answer is that people may have had a negative experience with a member of the other group. But Psychologists such as Eugene Hartley (1946) do studies showing that its more than just an old incident, his studies showed that prejudice against all other groups as well. Social scientists have developed several theories to explain prejudice there are two types of theories, Scapegoat, and the Authoritarian Personality.People who are unable to release there accentuate to the source usually te nd to release it on other people and they tend to find someone to blame their mishaps on and this usually get under ones skins their scapegoat, often a racial, ethnic, or religious minority that they unfairly blame for their troubles. The other possible action is The Authoritarian Personality Theodor Adornos term for people who are prejudice and rank high on scales of conformity, intolerance, insecurity, respect for authority, and submissive to superiors. Sociologists find these theories to be inadequate, they stress that the key to find prejudice is from the outside not form within.Sociologists focus on how some environments foster prejudice, while other discourages it. Sociologists have a a couple of(prenominal) theories Hitler used Functionalism, he hired Fritz Hippler, a Nazi intellectual was put in charge of the entire German film industry and he was told to raise anti-Semitist, and he did by producing movies that compared Jews to rates, that their breeding would contaminat e their pure breed. You can see that prejudice is functional and it creates in-group solidarity, and destroys human relationships. Conflict Theory- a theoretical poser in which society is viewed as composed of groups competing for scarce resource.Symbolic interactionism examines how peoples labels affect perception and create prejudice. When we apply a label to a group we tend to see its members as all alike, this leads to stereotyping and discrimination and may til now create a depicted behavior. Symbolic interaction shows that were not born to a race, and ethic group where we lean beliefs, values we learn to perceive them negatively or positively. If discrimination is common in our groups, we learn to practice it commonly. variation is like a learned skill if you practice it enough you wont even realize you using it.William Julius Wilson, a sociologist, argues that social class has become important that race is determine the life chances of African Americans. Prior to the Civil War African Americans were excluded from everything that could help you advance in life and become wealthy. As African Americans moved out of the inner cities, as legislators began opening doors for African Americans, as a result they were able to get better paying jobs, live a middle-class life, but those who were left behind in the inner cities they were trapped in poverty (Wilson, 2001).I believe that people choose their way of life, yes it is true that things may be harder for an African American or a Latino person, but things are hard for everyone in their own individual ways. I do believe that in todays world things arent based on race in some places yes but as from what I see I believe its based on your social class, who you are, who you know, where you work, and how much money you have, thats what I believe matters in todays society.Although sociologists like Charles Willie, states that even African Americans do the same work as whites, whites average higher pay than Africa n American, he argues that it racial discrimination not social discrimination. He states that we need to provide more jobs for the people in the inner cities with more jobs theres more hope in inner cities and an anchor to a responsible life. But being richer for an African American is still a problem because certain people start assuming things for example an African American person driving a new car a cop tends to find reason to pull them over, just to make sure the car isnt stolen.Both sociologists have a strong point of view, but I also do have my own view in prejudice and discrimination. In todays society minority groups have a better chance to achieve their goals, for example everyone can attend the same college, travel the country, eat in the same place and even be best friends with someone of a different ethnicity, while this is taken for granted I honestly think its a beautiful thing. Prejudice and discrimination is a war that will be fought through out ones life regardless , of their race, color, size, height or social status.As we flit back we see that discrimination has always been around in all different forms. We, as the human race need to focus on not judging people before we know them for who they are. Today, there are so many type of people in the world that stereotyping are always incorrect. If everyone in the world had respect for one another we would live in peace and be able to let others believe in what they wish and except everyones differences. If we teach our children and change our ways, sometime in our future we will be closer to accepting that a mans character is based upon glut of his soul, not his color, ethnicity, or their religion.

Classical Humanism in Art

5) Classical humanism in Art Juxtapose two or more works from this period which you feel are illustrative of the re unexampled interest and enthusiasm for/reinvention of classical humanism. Describe the works in detail, discuss their internal symbols and larger social, cultural and political significances re attitudes to classical humanism C15 ItalyHumanism intro Renaissance patrons understood the power of imagery and used it to extent their fame Courts throughout Italy were thriving centers of artistic activity and vied with each other for prominent humanitarian scientists, writers, architects,painters and sculptors Humanist subjects were taught in schools.The most enlightened renaissance popes encouraged the humanist assimilation of ancient greek and roman philosophies into their own Christian faith inspired by the ideas in ancient greek and roman texts, which confirmed their red-hot dexterous and scientific interests in understanding the world The praise of the deeds of bang-u p figures from antiquity that the humanists found in roman and greek texts supported the notions of pride and fame that were becoming important in a society whose major figures were successful business line entrepreneurs and bankers Sought to supplement faith by insisting on the dignity of the individual and human potential for achievement Gave art and artist a new dignity and opened the way for a new level of literary discussions on art Natural observation an important featureExpanding middle class, new types of art were commissioned by individuals to adorn their private town houses of country villas The dignity of the individual and new selfconsciousness promoted by e Italian humanists had an important deviate on attitudes about artists Renaissance artists were viewed as trained intellectuals versed in the classics and geometry Artists became famous Began to create self portaits, a sure indication of theit new view Artists and workshops received a variety of secular and religio us commissions Rulers continued to employ works of art for the traditional purposes of exalting and consolidating their power Rulers often commissioned portraits semipolitical he humanists created, or recreated a structure of values different from that on which medieval ideals of chivalry and nobility were based. humanism was nurtured in the italian city-states, with their republican (not clerical or aristocratic) govts. , epitomized the new ideals of self-reliance and civic virtue- civic and mundane, not chivalric or contemplative. SOCIAL & CULTURAL the growth and spread of humanism is pre-eminent in the intellectual history of the fifteenth century but its r/s with the visual arts is complex and sometimes ambiguous. dontellos statues exhibit a dignity and realism. his works bodied the new ideal man of the renaissance and showed people as self-determined individuals, powerful and intellectually alive.

A Causative Agent of Food-borne Poisoning

vitamin B genus Cereus is an aerobic and facultative anaerobic, gram-positive bacteria causing toxin-mediated food toxic condition. Optimum temperature for its growth is 30-37C. However, it shtup besides tolerate a wide go of temperature some strains can grow up to 55C while early(a)s can grow at temperatures as low as 4 to 5C (Microbial Pathogen Datasheets, 2001). Many strains from dairy products are able to thrive at lower temperatures. The minimum pH requirement for growth is 4. 3, while maximum pH is around 9. 3.This bacterial population grows best in the presence of oxygen (Microbial Pathogen Datasheets, 2001). Nevertheless, since this species is facultative anaerobic it also grows well in anaerobic conditions (Louisiana Office of macrocosm Health, 2004). Toxin production has been found to be much lower under anaerobic conditions. Bacillus genus Cereus is a spore- socio-economic classing micro-organism which occurs naturally in most foods. It ca use of goods and servicess two different and distinct get tos of food poisoning an emetic illness and a profligacyl illness (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004).Bacillus cereus causes food-borne emetic illness by producing a full(prenominal)-pitchedly stable toxin that survives high temperatures and exposure to trypsin, pepsin and pH extremes. Bacillus cereus levels in foods associated with emetic form of food poisoning digest ranged from 1,000 to 50 billion colony-forming units (cfu)/gram (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). High numbers of bacterial population have been also detected in faecal samples from affected persons. Diarrhoeal illness is mediated by a heat- and acid-labile enterotoxin produced during growth of vegetative cells in the small intestine (Granum, 1994).Four different enterotoxins have been characterized. Two are protein complexes such as non-haemolytic enterotoxin (NHE) and haemolysin BL (HBL) and two are enterotoxic proteins such as enterotoxin T (bc-D-ENT) and cytotox in K (Lund, DeBuyser & Granum, 2000). The occurrence of the diarrhoeal-type syndrome has been largely reported in the US and Europe, where the disease has been greatly associated with foods such as meat, vegetable, domestic fowl, desserts and sauces (Giannella and Brasile, 1979).Prevalence of the vomiting type syndrome has been reported in the United Kingdom, Canada and USA, food borne poisoning is commonly associated with the consumption of cooked fry rice (Mor judgment of convictionr and McCann, 1974). Serotyping studies conducted by Taylor and Gilbert (1975) showed that strains from incidents of food poisoning in US and Europe characterised by a longer incubation period and with diarrhoea as the main symptom have provided serotypes 2, 6, 8, 9 and 10, whereas those which caused the rice-associated emetic illness in United Kingdom, Canada and USA were serotypes 1, 3 or 5.Bacillus cereus food poisoning is loosely associated with rice dishes, and sporadically with other food stuffs such as meat, vegetable, pasta, dairy products, sauces, soups and sweet pastries. Bacillus cereus food-borne poisoning is also associated with pudding, cream, spices, dry milk, dry potatoes and spaghetti sauces. bacterial contamination of the food product by the large occurs prior to cooking. Even after cooking the microbial population thrives because vegetative forms can grow over a wide range of temperatures from 25C to 42C and are also capable of producing endotoxins.Endospores have the ability to survive extremely high and low temperatures. When they are allowed to cool fairly gradually, they once again begin to germinate and multiply. Spores are highly resistant to dry heat than moist heat. emetic toxins are also extremely resistant to heat. They can survive 90 min at 126C, while diarrhoeal toxins are inactivated at 56C in 5 min. Clinical Description Bacillus cereus is widely known as the etiological agent of food-borne poisoning, causing both gastrointestinal and non-gastr ointestinal diseases.Both diarrhoea and emesis can be clearly distinguished by their clinical features. Diarrhoea is provoked by heat-labile enterotoxins, while emesis is caused by a heat-stable depsipeptide toxin called cereulide (Ehling, Fricker & Scherer, 2004). The clinical syndromes associated with the diarrhoeal form of illness are longer incubation about 6 to 24 hours period, very watery diarrhoea ( similar to that of C. perfringens), presence of moderate to frightening abdominal cramps, nausea and vomiting in some patients, duration of illness ranges from a minimum of 20 hours to a maximum of 36 hours.Clinical features associated with the emetic form of illness are shorter incubation period of about 1 to 6 hours, presence of vomiting and abdominal cramps diarrhoea is not severe and is present in only about a third of affected individuals (similar to poisoning by S. aureus), duration of sickness ranges from 8 to 10 hours. In both types of syndromes, fever is especial(a) and disease is usually docile. Bacillus cereus also can cause other diseases such as local skin and wound infections, ocular infections, fulminant liver failure.Invasive disease, including bacteraemia, endocarditis, osteomyelitis, pneumonia, brain abscess, and meningitis are also caused by Bacillus cereus. Ocular involvement includes panophthalmitis, endophthalmitis, and keratitis (Louisiana Office of Public Health, 2004). Apart, it can bring about other infections namely, pneumonia, meningitis, encephalitis, in addition to brain and liver abscesses (Drobniewski, 1993). It is a rare cause of endocarditis (Fowler et al. 2005) reported in patients with prosthetic heart valves, rheumatic heart disease, intravenous drug use (IVDU), and in patient with leukaemia.Food Poisoning by other Bacillus species Toxic food poisoning is not only caused by Bacillus cereus, several other Bacillus species have also been implicated in food poisoning incidents. The most important species are B. subtilis and B. licheniformis. These organisms are capable of producing an extremely heat-stable toxin which seems very similar to the emetic type produced by B. cereus (Kramer and Gilbert, 1989). These species are widely associated with food products like meat, vegetable, flour, pastry, sausage rolls, meat pies and pastries, curries and various ethnic dishes with rice, and stuffed poultry.Bacillus subtilis is associated mainly with meat, vegetables in pastry, poultry products, and occasionally with bakery items such as bread, crumpets, sandwiches, and ethnic meat or seafood dishes. Food poisoning syndrome associated with B. subtilis causes acute onset nausea, vomiting and stomach cramps, incubation range is 2-5 hours, often with diarrhoea. Poisoning due to B. licheniformis shows the following symptoms diarrhoea is more common than vomiting, incubation period is about 8 hours. Another species which was isolated in high numbers from rice associated with a food poisoning outbreak was B.pumilus. S ymptoms were consistent with those similar for food poisoning by other Bacillus species than B. cereus. C. perfringens food poisoning produces a heat-labile toxin which caused predominantly lower gastrointestinal ( diarrheal) disease about 12 hours after ingestion much similar to the diarrheal type syndrome caused by B. cereus. side Studies In August 2003, five children of a Belgian family became sick after eating pasta salad. The pasta salad prepared on a Friday was taken to snap fastener on Saturday. The leftovers had been stored in the refrigerator.The following Monday evening the pasta was served for supper to the children. Since the pasta had an unusual odour three children (aged 14, 10 and 9) did not eat much, they ate very diminished quantities. After 6 hours the youngest child (aged 7) started vomiting and complained of respiratory distress. She was immediately rushed to the hospital. Upon arrival at the hospital the other 3 children also felt unquiet and started vomitin g. The condition of all the children began to worsen hence they were transported to the University Hospital in Leuven.However, during transfer, the child (aged 7) had severe pulmonary haemorrhage, quickly followed by coma, diffuse bleeding, and severe muscle cramps. She died in spite of appearance 20 minutes, at 13 hours after the intake of pasta. Autopsy report revealed the presence of Bacillus cereus in her gut content. The other 3 children were unbroken under treatment for 8 days and they gradually recovered (Dierick et al. 2005). This case elucidated the probable severity of the emetic illness, also stressing on the importance of sufficient infrigidation of cooked food. Some B.cereus strains are known to be sychrotrophic and these strains have the maximum emetic toxin production between 12 and 15C. In the present case, the temperature of the refrigerator where the pasta salad was stored was 14C. This probably allowed B. cereus strains to multiply quickly to attain a count of more than 108 CFU/g in 3 days along with a very high toxin production (Dierick et al. 2005). Food borne poisoning was reported in a military camp in Jurong, Singapore. This food poisoning outbreak twisty 19 army personnel who became unwell after breakfast.All these army personnel had been served fried rice by a food stall in a civilian canteen. The illness was characterized by vomiting (89. 5%), abdominal cramps (52. 6%), diarrhoea (47. 4%), headache (47. 4%) and fever (10. 5%) (Tay, Goh & Tan, 1982). The incubation time extended from 13/4 hours to 51/2 hours. Bacillus cereus was detected in the vomitus of the affected soldiers (Tay, Goh & Tan, 1982). This makes it clear that Bacillus cereus is a causative agent for the food borne poisoning resulting in emetic and diarrhoeal illness. This species contaminates food products, especially cooked rice and refrigerated products.It is therefore essential to follow fit cooking and refrigeration methods. Proper cooking and storage of foods , especially rice cooked for later use, will facilitate to thwart food borne epidemics. For the most part B. cereus food borne outbreak is an outcome of eating cooked foods which are cooled slowly and stored the wrong way. Generally food should be stored at temperatures higher than 60C or quickly chilled to less than 10C immediately after cooking. Bibliography Dierick, K. , Coillie, E. V. , Swiecicka, I. , Meyfroidt, G. , Devlieger, H. , Meulemans, A. , Hoedemaekers, G., Fourie, L. , Heyndrickx, M. & Mahillon, J. (2005). Fatal Family Outbreak of Bacillus cereus-Associated Food Poisoning. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, Aug. 2005, 43(8), pp. 42774279. Drobniewski, F. A. (1993) Bacillus Cereus and cogitate species. Clin Microbiol Rev. 6(4), pp. 324-38. Ehling-Schulz, M. , Fricker, M. & Scherer, S. (2004). Bacillus cereus, the causative agent of an emetic type of food-borne illness. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 48, pp. 479487. Fowler, V. G. Jr. , Miro, J. M. , Hoen, B. , Cabell, C. H. , Abr utyn, E. , Rubinstein, E. , Corey, G. R. , Spelman, D. , Bradley, S.F. , Barsic, B. , Pappas, P. A. , Anstrom, K. J. , Wray, D. , Fortes, C. Q. , Anguera, I. , Athan, E. , Jones, P. , Meer, J. T. van der, Elliott, T. S. , Levine, D. P. & Bayer, A. S. (2005) Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis a consequence of medical progress. JAMA. 2005 Jun 22. 293(24), pp. 3012-21. Giannella, R. A. and Brasile, L. A. (1979). Hospital foodborne outbreak of diarrhea caused by Bacillus cereus. Clinical, epidemiological and microbiological studies. J Infect Dis. 139, pp. 366 370. Granum, P. E. (1994). Bacillus cereus and its toxins. J. Appl. Bacteriol. Suppl.23, pp. 61S66S. Kramer, J. M. & Gilbert, R. J. (1989) Bacillus cereus and other Bacillus species. In Foodborne Bacterial Pathogens, Doyle MP, ed. Marcel Dekker Inc. in the altogether York. pp 21-70. Louisiana Office of PublicHealth. (2004). Bacillus cereus Toxi-infection. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Section- Infectious Disease Control Manual . Available from http//www. dhh. louisiana. gov/offices/miscdocs/docs-249/Manual/BacillusCereusManual. pdf Lund, T. , DeBuyser, M. L. & Granum, P. E. (2000). A new cytotoxin from Bacillus cereus that may cause necrotic enteritis. Mol. Microbiol.38, pp. 254261. Mortimer, P. R. and McCann, G. (1974). Food poisoning episodes associated with Bacillus cereus in fried rice. Lancet. 1, pp. 1403 1405. Microbial Pathogen Datasheets. Bacillus cereus. (2001). May 2001. Retrieved from www. nzfsa. govt. nz/science/data-sheets/bacillus-cereus. pdf Tay, L. , Goh, K. T. and Tan, S. E. (1982). An outbreak of Bacillus cereus food poisoning. Singapore Medical Journal. 23(4), pp. 214 217. Taylor, A. J. and Gilbert, R. J. (1975). Bacillus cereus food poisoning A provisional serotyping scheme. J. Med. Microbiol. 8, pp. 543 550.

10 Major Agricultural Problems Of India Essay

Some of the major problems and their possible solutions have been discussed as follows. Indian agriculture is plagued by several problems several(prenominal) of them are natural and some others are manmade.1. Small and fragmented write down-holdingsThe seemingly abundance of clams sown area of 141.2 gazillion hectares and total cropped area of 189.7 million hectares (1999-2000) pales into insignificance when we see that it is divided into economically unviable small and scattered holdings.The average size of holdings was 2.28 hectares in 1970-71 which was reduced to 1.82 hectares in 1980-81 and 1.50 hectares in 1995-96. The size of the holdings forget elevate precipitate with the infinite Sub-division of the land holdings.See more Sleep Deprivation Problem Solution Speech EssayThe problem of small and fragmented holdings is more life-threatening in densely populated and intensively cultivated states like Kerala, westward Bengal, Biharand eastern part of Uttar Pradesh where t he average size of land holdings is less than one hectare and in certain parts it is less than even 0.5 hectare.Rajasthan with vast sandy stretches and Nagaland with the prevailing Jhoom (shifting agriculture) have bigger average sized holdings of 4 and 7.15 hectares respectively. enunciates having high perpennyage of net sown area like Punjab, Haryana, Maharashtra, Gujarat, Karnataka and Madhya Pradesh have holding size above the national average.Further it is shocking to note that a large proportion of 59 per cent holdings in 1990- 91 were marginal (below 1 hectare) accounting for 14.9 per cent of the total operated area. Another 19 per cent were small holdings (1-2 hectare) taking up 17.3 per cent of the total operated area. Large holdings (above 10 hectare) accounted for only 1.6 per cent of total holdings solely coered 17.4 per cent of the operated area (Table 22.1). Hence, in that location is a wide gap mingled with small farmers, medium farmers (peasant group) and big farm ers (landlords).The main reason for this sad state of affairs is our inheritance laws. The land belonging to the father is equally distributed among his sons. This dispersal of land does not entail a collection or consolidated one, but its nature is fragmented.Different tracts have different levels of fertility and are to be distributed accordingly. If there are four tracts which are to be distributed between two sons, both the sons will get smaller plots of apiece land tract. In this way the holdings start smaller and more fragmented with each passing generation.Sub-division and fragmentation of the holdings is one of the main causes of our low rustic productivity and backward state of our agriculture.1/2/2015 758 PM10 Major agrarian Problems of India and their Possible Solutions3 of 16http//www.yourarticlelibrary.com/agriculture/10-major-agricultural-proA lot of time and labour is purposeless in moving bugs, manure, implements and cattle from one piece of land to another.Irr igation becomes difficult on such small and fragmented compasss. Further, a lot of fertile agricultural land is wasted in providing boundaries. Under such circumstances, the farmer cannot concentrate on improvement. The only answer to this ticklish problem is the consolidation of holdings which means the reapportionment of holdings which are fragmented, the creation of farms which comprise only one or a few parcels in place of multitude of patches formerly in the possession of each peasant. But unfortunately, this plan has not succeeded more than. Although legislation for consolidation of holdings has been enacted by almost all the states, it has been implemented only in Punjab, Haryana and in some parts of Uttar Pradesh. desegregation of ab out(a) 45 million holdings has been done till 1990-91 in Punjab, Haryana and western Uttar Pradesh. The other solution to this problem is cooperative farming in which the farmers pool their resources and look at the profit.2. SeedsSeed is a critical and primary input for attaining higher crop yields and sustained growth in agricultural production. Distribution of assured forest seed is as critical as the production of such seeds. Unfortunately, good quality seeds are out of reach of the majority of farmers, especially small and marginal farmers primarily because of exorbitant prices of better seeds.In order to solve this problem, the Government of India established the National Seeds Corporation (NSC) in 1963 and the State FarmersCorporation of India (SFCI) in 1969. Thirteen State Seed Corporations (SSCs) were also established to augment the supply of improved seeds to the farmers.High Yielding Variety Programme (HYVP) was launched in 1966-67 as a major lick plan to increase the production of food grains in the untaught. The Indian seed industry had exhibited impressive growth in the past and is expected to provide further potential for growth in agricultural production The role of seed industry is not only to prod uce adequate quantity of quality seeds but also to pass varietal diversity to suit various agro-climatic zones of the country.The policy statements are designed towards making available to the Indian farmer, adequate quantities of seed of superior quality at the appropriate time and place and at an affordable price so as to meet the countrys food and nutritional pledge goals.Indian seeds programme largely adheres to limited generation system for seed multiplication. The system recognises three kinds of generation, namely stock breeder, foundation and certified seeds. Breeder seed is the basic seed and first stage in seed production. Foundation seed is the second stage in seed production chain and is the progeny of breeder seed. Certified seed is the ultimate stage in seed production chain and is the progeny of foundation seed. Production of breeder and foundation seeds and certified seeds distribution have gone up at an annual average rate of 3.4 per cent, 7.5 percent and 9.5 per cent respectively, between 2001-02 and 2005-06).3. Manures, Fertilizers and BiocidesIndian soils have been used for growing crops over thousands of yearswithout caring much for replenishing. This has led to depletion and exhaustion of soils expirying in their low productivity. The average yields of almost all the crops are among t e lowest in the world. This is a serious problem which can be solved by using more manures and fertilisers. Manures and fertilisers play the same role in relation to soils as good food in relation to body. Just as a well- provide body is capable of doing any good job, a well nourished soil is capable of giving good yields. It has been estimated that about 70 per cent of growth in agricultural production can be attributed to increased fertilizer application.Thus increase in the consumption of fertilizers is a barometer of agricultural prosperity. However, there are practical difficulties in providing sufficient manures and fertilizers in all parts of a co untry of Indias dimensions inhabited by poor peasants. Cow dung provides the best manure to the soils.But its use as such is limited because much of cow dung is used as kitchen fuel in the shape of dung cakes. Reduction in the supply of fire wood and increasing lease for fuel in the rural areas due to increase in population has further complicated the problem. Chemical fertilizers are costly and are often beyond the reach of the poor farmers. The fertilizer problem is, therefore, both acute and complex.It has been felt that organic manures are essential for keeping the soil in good health. The country has a potential of 650 million tonnes of rural and 160 lakh tonnes of urban compost which is not fully utilized at present. The utilization of this potential will solve the twin problem of disposal of waste and providing manure to the soil.The government has given high incentive especially in the form of heavy tribute for using chemical fertilizers. There was practically no use of ch emical fertilizers at the time of Independence As a result of initiative bythe government and due to change in the attitude of some progressive farmers, the consumption of fertilizers increased tremendously. In order to maintain the quality of the fertilizers, 52 fertilizer quality control laboratories have been set up in different parts of the country. In addition, there is one Central Fertilizer Quality laterality and Training Institute at Farida risky with its three regional centres at Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai.Pests, germs and weeds cause heavy loss to crops which amounted to about one third of the total field produce at the time of Independence. Biocides (pesticides, herbicides and weedicides) are used to save the crops and to avoid losses. The increased use of these inputs has saved a lot of crops, especially the food crops from unnecessary wastage. But indiscriminate use of biocides has resulted in wide spread environmental pollution which takes its own toll.4. Irrigation Although India is the second largest irrigated country of the world after China, only triplet of the cropped area is under irrigation. Irrigation is the most important agricultural input in a tropical monsoon country like India where rainfall is uncertain, unreliable and erratic India cannot achieve sustained progress in agriculture unless and until more than half of the cropped area is brought under assured irrigation.This is testified by the success story of agricultural progress in Punjab Haryana and western part of Uttar Pradesh where over half of the cropped area is under irrigation Large tracts still await irrigation to boost the agricultural output.However, care must be taken to safeguard against ill effects of over irrigation especially in areas irrigated by canals. Large tracts in Punjaband Haryana have been rendered useless (areas affected by salinity, alkalinity and water-logging), due to defective irrigation. In the Indira Gandhi Canal command area also intensive irri gation has led to sharp rise in sub-soil water level, leading to water-logging, soil salinity and alkalinity.5. escape of mechanisationIn spite of the large scale mechanisation of agriculture in some parts of the country, most of the agricultural trading operations in larger parts are carried on by human hand using simple and conventional tools and implements like wooden plough, sickle, etc.Little or no use of machines is made in ploughing, sowing, irrigating,thinning and pruning, weeding, harvesting threshing and transporting the crops. This is specially the case with small and marginal farmers. It results in huge wastage of human labour and in low yields per capita labour force. There is urgent need to mechanise the agricultural operations so that wastage of labour force is avoided and farming is made convenient and efficient. Agricultural implements and machinery are a crucial input for efficient and timely agricultural operations, facilitating multiple cropping and thereby inc reasing production.Some progress has been made for mechanising agriculture in India after Independence. Need for mechanisation was specially felt with the advent of Green Revolution in 1960s. Strategies and programmes have been directed towards replacement of traditional and inefficient implements by improved ones, enabling the farmer to own tractors, cause tillers, harvesters and other machines.A large industrial base for manufacturing of the agricultural machines has also been developed. Power availability for carrying out variousagricultural operations has been increased to reach a level of 14 kW per hectare in 2003-04 from only 0.3 kW per hectare in 1971-72.This increase was the result of increasing use of tractor, power tiller and combine harvesters, irrigation pumps and other power operated machines. The share of mechanical and electrical power has increased from 40 per cent in 1971 to 84 per cent in 2003-04.Uttar Pradesh recorded the highest average sales of tractors during the fiveyear period ending 2003-04 and/West Bengal recorded the highest average sales of power tillers during the same period.Strenuous efforts are being made to encourage the farmers to adopt technically advanced agricultural equipments in order to carry farm operations timely and precisely and to economise the agricultural production process.6. Soil erosionLarge tracts of fertile land suffer from soil erosion by rustle and water. This area must be properly treated and restored to its original fertility.7. Agricultural MarketingAgricultural marketing still continues to be in a bad shape in rural India. In the absence of sound marketing facilities, the farmers have to depend upon local traders and middlemen for the disposal of their farm produce which is sold at throw-away price.In most cases, these farmers are forced, under socio-economic conditions, to carry on distress sale of their produce. In most of small villages, the farmers sell their produce to the coin lender from whom they usually borrow money.According to an estimate 85 per cent of wheat and 75 per cent of oil seeds in Uttar Pradesh, 90 per cent of Jute in West Bengal, 70 per cent of oilseeds and 35 per cent of cotton in Punjab is sold by farmers in the village itself. Such a situation arises due to the softness of the poor farmers to wait for long after harvesting their crops.In order to meet his commitments and pay his debt, the poor farmer is forced to sell the produce at whatever price is offered to him. The Rural Credit Survey Report rightly remarked that the producers in general sell their produce at an unfavourable place and at an unfavourable time and usually they get unfavourable terms.In the absence of an organised marketing structure, private traders and middlemen dominate the marketing and trading of agricultural produce. The net profit of the services provided by the middlemen increases the load on the consumer, although the producer does not derive similar benefit.Many market sur veys have revealed that middlemen take away about 48 per cent of the price of rice, 52 per cent of the price of grounduts and 60 per cent of the price of potatoes offered by consumers.In order to save the farmer from the clutches of the money lenders and the middle men, the government has come out with regulated markets. These markets generally introduce a system of competitive buying, help in eradicating malpractices, ensure the use of valuate weights and measures and evolve suitable machinery for settlement of disputes thereby ensuring that the producers are not subjected to exploitation and receive remunerative prices.

A Research Study On The Basic Positive And Negative Effects Of Gaming Essay

AbstractThe purpose of this study emphasizes on some(prenominal), the confirming and the negative impacts of convey characterization zippys on the teens. e re every last(predicate)yplace the last 30 years impression games view as made an impact on the way teenagers spend their leisure eon. This explore hypothesizes that social cheerdamental inter march, mental, in special(prenominal) rapacious manner, health and academic performance is greatly unnatural by the extensive use of movie play. The research proposal is further supported by the literature review of various holds including an article by Brandon T, which states that tv set games fix the beliefs and self-importance esteem of electric s findrren. In another article by Steven J Krish, it was turn out that a commanding relationship prevails between television set looseness and self belligerence, among the age groups of 11-17. In order to prove our hypothesis, both the primary and standby research w as conducted.The primary research was followed by questionnaires that were distri scarceed among the tar build uped group and also an interview was conducted with a gaming technical. Our secondary research consisted of various articles. The information narrowed down brought very sensitive issues into the calcium light. It was observed that al well-nigh 72 % of the teenagers suffered from acute aggression, bad grades and health issues, thus proving our hypothesis correct. notwithstanding solely strategic games were given a positive response as they sharpen the minds of the players moreover on the whole the negative effects overshadow the positive typeface of acting tv set games.Video Games and Teenagers A Research Study On The Basic Positive And Negative Effects Of GamingA scene game is an electronic game that packs human interaction with a user interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. It has been mavin of the about selectred leisure activities by the teen agers . The history of video games goes as far back as 1940s, when in 1947 Thomas T. Goldsmith, Jr. and Estle Ray Mann filed a US patent request for an invention they described as cathode ray tube amusement device.This patent which the United States Patent stumbleice issued on December 14, 1948, details a machine in which a soulfulness uses knobs and stilltons to manipulate a cathode ray tube beam to simulate firing at air-borne targets. Video gaming would not reach mainstream popularity until the 1970s and 80s, when arcade video games, gaming consoles and home computer games were introduced to general public. Since then video gaming has suit a popular form of entertainment and a part of new-fashi peerlessd culture in the developed world. There argon currently considered to be eight generations of video game consoles.The most common consoles used by the teenagers flatadays include Xbox, game boy, play station and Nintendo Game Cube. There are numerous genres of video games th at have been available to the consumers for the past 30 years. One of the oldest genres of video game is the classic shooter. Shooters are games that require the player to blow away enemies or objects in order to survive and continue game play. Another of the kickoff video game genres, especially from the computer platforms, was the adventure game. Another preferred genre is the strategy or the tactic games. These games attempt to capture a soul of realism for the game player to experience. However, these titles are often turn-based as opposed to real- sentence and they give the player a greater sense of specific bind over a situation. Video games are a unique form of entertainment which encourages players to become a part of the games script. Our research depart focus on the following issuesWhat appeals teenagers to play video games?What do teenagers experience while acting video games? How does performing video games effect teenagers positively? How does vie video games ef fect teenagers negatively? Should parents show worry regarding their children playing video games?Douglas A. Paul J. Lynch et al (2004) Gentile, in their article The effects of convulsive video game habits on adolescent hostility, competitive behavior and school performance have discussed the effects of video games on teenagers. Their research stated that in 2000 the taxation generated by the gaming industry was $20 billion. Teenagers contri yeted the most in the consumption of the gaming consoles.Also 54 independent tests on relation between video game wildness and aggression were conducted five consistent results of playing games with angry content were retrieved by this research i.e. playing violent games increases aggressive behaviors, aggressive cognitions, aggressive emotions , physiological arousal and decreases pro-social behavior. In the article Perceived influence of negative and positive video game , Shu .F .Lin (September 2010) stated the perceived effects betw een self and others in terms of both negative and positive video game. According to the researcher, the games were promoted through the mode of entertainment media in an array of content like sports, fighting, input and role-playing etc. The positive impacts include increased socializing , controlling and cognitive skills, while negative effects were depression , anxiety and psychological disorders among teenagers.Steven J. Kirsh (1992) in his article The effect of violent video games found a positive association between video game play and self and teacher reported aggression in the age group of 11-17 years.In their study Anderson and Dill (2008) demonstrated a relationship between violent video games and lab aggression incollege students .It has been found that children and adolescents play video games on average between 1.2 to 7.5 hours per calendar week. It has also been suggested that psychological and biological factors are also correlates of aggression. Moreover the Anderso n and Bushmans (2002) General attack Model (GAM) has been successfully developed to further stress upon the effects . GAM notify be used to explain the birth of aggression in the adolescents and the difference in vulnerability to the influence of violent games for every individual.In the article The impact of video games on children , Rick Missimer has put forth positive aspects of playing video games. He proposed that most of the video games are creative and fun intended. It is a medium that serves to get rid of stress by diverting their attention towards fun and entertainment. It reinforces the confidence level of children when they borrow know the games. It provokes innovative intending and strategic thinking skills. Some games also aid children in their educational curriculum and patron them get more familiar to technology.Kimberly Young ( 2004), Peter Laurie (1981) 1967, Jennifer Seter Wagner (2008) researchers conducted a research and discussed near the concepts of digi tal games and its application in forms and shapes. Being keen towards their research they illustrated close the history, symptoms, addiction, side effects ( physical, social ) benefits, and prevention against digital game playing. They further discussed somewhat the addictive theories and how it impacts young brains. The study showed that addiction could be of m any kinds and gaming is a negatively charged ane, the symptoms of addiction are that youngsters feel depressed, restlessness and lack of self control between themselves, which is further supported by the side effects that they become victims of Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, weight gain and migraines, social problems which occur are Withdrawal, Lose touch with reality and misuse of bills in form of extra hours of playing.The benefits were that the teenagers enhanced superior visuospatial abilities, Wiihabilitation and Exergaming. They concluded their research with prevention against video gaming that were unimaginable like fe w treatment centers specializing in against game addiction and training for enhancement of social skills. Another researcher (Roni Caryn Rabin, 2011 ), a reporter of new York Times has discussed in her article Video games and the Depressed teenagers , one of the major concerns regarding video game playing i.e. depression in teenagers. He has talked about the study which was conducted on a large group of teenagers.The results were published in the Journal of paediatrics. The study found that children who spent most of the time playing video games were very impulsive and were hesitant while socializing. Their school grades were also affected and most gravely they had worse relationship with their parents. This study was supported with another research conducted on Chinese teenagers.The results of this research were published in the Archives of Pediatric & Adolescent Medicine. It indicated that teenagers who used internet excessively ended up being depressed. Most of them used inter net for playing video games. save Dr. Gentile , an run professor of psychology at Iowa State University negated this study . The reasoning he provided was that teenagers who were socially isolated and impulsive are more likely to indulge themselves in activities much(prenominal) as video games. Once they become gamers , their school grades are likely to be affected and their relationship with their parents deteriorated. Dr. Gentile utter that when teenagers start playing excessively , they are more likely to become depressed and isolated.One other author (Donna St. George, 2008) a reporter at Washington Post discussed about the behaviors of kids after playing mature games. The writer gave the reference of three researches held in USA and Japan. The results were almost same in both the countries, and this showed that video gaming and violence in teenagers was not the problem of USA only. Though, people used to believe that aggression due to violent video games was only the proble m of an American teenager but now it was thought of as a general phenomenon that occurred across cultures. In USA, the researches focused on large groups of teenagers 364 and it was concluded that there was an increasing likeliness that a child would indulge into a fight or get physically aggressive after sometime of playing a game with violent content, as compared to other children. As compared to USA, the researchers were more curious in Japan. So, they conducted their research on more than 12 hundred people, and they focused on children as closely as on adolescents.The results were sooner same as were in USA. The researcher also talked to the parents of teenage gamers. Some parents did not allow their children to play mature games but despite that their children played and were found to be aggressive. On the other hand some parents were not self-conscious with their children playing mature rated games but they didnt project their children aggressive or hostile. The researcher suggests that it is important for parents to pay attention to the nature of games their children play and keep a check on the behavior of their kids after playing such games.A reporter at a magazine (Rebecca Scarlett, 2010) discusses very important beliefs of people, that games only portray a picture of violence and physical disorders. However just like two sides of every story its true that a large number of games do depict violence and useless themes, but a large number of games are now focusing on more constructive niche like physics games or math games or puzzles that provoke strategic thinking. Interestingly enough these niches are becoming rapidly popular among teens.These games help the kids and teenagers learn the complex and rather boring equations and formulas in a fun way which also develops logic skills as well as visual-spatial manipulation skills. Recently many parents have wished that they could get their children off the games to spend more time contracting. Succes sfully the gaming industry has provided children with such Role-playing games. These games involve long quests with plots that are as Intricate as any novel, and these plots are revealed mostly through dialogue.Such that it becomes impossible to play the game successfully without a good deal of reading The author further explains that studies have shown even better results that kids who play more video games have better hand-eye coordination and they react on time. The speed of most video games demands quick decision-making in response to what appears on the screen, and many kids become so lightning fast while playing them. Even though video games have been demonized, there are many games out there that, when played in moderation, can actually have beneficial effects. (Mark.D.Griffiths,1998), another researcher discussed that video game playing is a leisure activity for most of the adolescents.He said that the literature provided by Loftus and Loftus (1983) and Griffiths (1991,1993) clearly indicated that teenagers overlyk videogames as a witnesser of entertainment. Furthermore, he also stated that boys play more videogames on average as compared to girls. He has also put forth the common argument regarding videogames i.e. it is potentially addictive. He has discussed the study regarding the computer games addiction by Shotton (1989), where he stated that most of the adolescents were attached by computer games for than five years. He also pointed out a positive aspect that these people were intelligent and motivated, but they were often misunderstood.Our research methodological analysis was designed to get the most accurate answers. Research DesignOur primary research included survey method. Questionnaires were given to the respondents. ParticipantsWe have targeted teenagers (13-19 years) and their parents. Our sample size was 25. Our secondary research included articles from the web. MeasuresQuestionnaires were designed such that they were divided into tw o sections the outgrowth section has demographic questions and the second section is based upon the statements regarding our variables. ProcedureParticipants were of two kind, both teenagers and their parents. They were asked to answer the questions in the two different types of questionnaires. One was designed to collect the responses of the teenagers and the second one was designed to collect responses from the parents. Later on these responses were further analyze to conduct our research. Like other related forms of media, video games have been a subject of controversy and our study focuses on the impact (positive and negative) of video games on teenagers. passwordOne of the major goals of our research was to know the factors that motivates teenagers to play games. According to our research, the greatest chunk i.e. 72% of respondents said that either they played videogames to avoid boredom or took it as a mode of entertainment. Few individuals also said that videogames help them to stay active. Whereas, a small percentage of the sample either played games to tumble frustration or as a hobby. The data is quantified visually through the following pie chartAnother important question is that despite having numerous substitutes available to videogames like physical sports etc, why do teenagers choose videogames as a source of leisure activity. Most of the teenagers said that it took their mind off their problems and the feeling of mastering the game is addictive. Furthermore, in this era of competition teenagers are in a constant pressure from their peers, so they have two options either they face it or they dont. They choose not to face it and just to take their mind off such problems they take video games as a source of distraction. When the teenagers were asked about the hours they spend on gaming and for how long have they been playing, most of them play for approximately 3 hours on a stretch and have been playing for more than 2 years. Most of the parents too gave the same answer that their children play for so many hours (3 hours) without taking any break. Even our interviewee Mr. Waseem Yousaf said that children become too addicted after they start coming to gaming partition off. The numbers of hours they play keep on increasing gradually and they start visiting on everyday basis. When asked about the genres of games that were preferred, most of the respondents replied in favour of action, strategy and sports. Even our interviewee said that the most popular games in gaming zone are action, sports and strategy.Another important aspect of video gaming is the effect of the violence depicted in video games. 72% played violent video games and 64% of our respondents (teenagers) feel that such games greatly influence their mood. More importantly 72% teenagers find themselves quite aggressive.Now lets have a look at the health issues associated with video game play. Most of the parents said that their children have become negligent of t heir heath due to video games they become so engrossed in it that they do not take care of their health and their children face health problems. Most of the teenagers also said that they have health issues because of playing video games. 24% of the respondents see backache, headache and eye strain, 36% had headache or backache out of which 24% had headache once in a month. 16% did not have any heath issues. The ones who did not have any health issues had an active life style and played physical sports regularly. The following pie chart depicts the above mentioned statistics graphically.When asked about the influence of videogames on schooling and grades, it was found that the parents and teenagers negated each others answers. Most of the children said that their grades were not affected by video game play but the parents said the opposite. It was also found through our study that many children became very defensive when they were asked about their gaming habits. It was deducted tha t 72% of teenagers lie about their gaming habits/hours to their parents. This shows that the teenagers are very supportive of video games unlike parents they exigency to play as much as they want but parents have a genuine concern regarding it. They do not want their children to become addicts of games and neglect important things like studies.Our research shows that teenagers have equal preferences for outdoor sports as well as videogames but still according to our research teenagers are more inclined towards video games as compared to the outdoor sports. However, with the introduction of Consoles like Nintendo Wii and Xbox Kinect the level of physical activity has increased. This is because these add-ons operate that there is handsome amount of physical movement while playing games. Our interviewee said that places like gaming zones have a very healthful surround and teenagers prefer coming here and use gaming consoles that require physical exercise as well. Another thing worth discussing is the money teenagers spend on video gaming. Our interviewee said that on average a teenager spends an amount of Rs.500 for 3-4 hours which includes gaming rent as well as money spent on snacks.This has been a matter of concern for parents because teenagers have started demanding an increase in their pocket money more often now. Most of the parents have been unsuccessful in cut down the amount of time that their children spend on video games and many parents said that their children start to play significantly more than what they have been playing if they are asked to dilute the number of hours they play. This shows that children retaliate if they are asked to change their gaming habits. Hence, we can say that parents should not impose restrictions on the amount of time they spend in search of video games, instead they should try to logically convince them.Lastly, we would shed some light on the positive effects of video gaming. As discussed earlier most of the teena gers prefer playing strategic video games. About 52% respondents (teenagers ) said that due to such games they feel they can make decisions efficiently. Similarly, 64% believe that these games have sharpened their minds. Even our interviewee says that players who commonly prefer playing strategic games are seen to be sharper and they grasp and master games quickly as compared to other players. Team tap, live oning(a) in collaboration, and cooperation is also another important positive outcome of videogames.Most teenagers play games which involve one or multiple players. When we asked our interviewee about the attitude of gamers, he said that players show team spirit and they play in collaboration. He also discussed that gaming zone and such venues provide a very healthy purlieu for teenagers mostly teenagers from good family backgrounds come here. and it also provides an easy way of socializing with others.Conclusion & RecommendationsThe information narrowed down brought very se nsitive issues into the limelight . It was observed that almost 72 % of the teenagers suffered from acute aggression , bad grades n health issues, thus proving our hypothesis correct. However only strategic games were given a positive response as they sharpen the minds of the players but on the whole the negative effects overshadow the positive side of playing video games. Parents should varan video game play the same way you need to monitor television and other media. Be a loving, attentive parent who disciplines their child well. An aggressive child is more a product of dysfunctional parenting than anything else, including violent games and TV. According to Los Angeles-based psychotherapist Robert Butterworth, PhD, dysfunctional parenting, children with little guilt, and accessibility to firearms with little parental supervision can create violent children.Most children who commit violent crime show an early combination of personality and family factors that include having troubl e getting along with playmates in preschool, Butterworth says. By second or third grade theyre doing poorly in school, and have few friends. By the age of 10 theyre option fights and getting labeled by their peers as social outcasts. Whats more they typically come from families where parents are poor at disciplining because they are indifferent, neglectful, too haughty or they use harsh physical punishment with little love.Although playing video games can be a learning experience, give your kid a variety of entertaining things to learn from, so your kid will not be addicted to just one thing. Be sure to make him read books, play sports, interact with other kids, and watch good TV. Everything should be taken in moderation. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children not spend more than one to two hours per day in front of all electronic screens, including TV, DVDs, videos, video games (handheld, console, or computer), and computers (for non-academic use).This means seven to fourteen hours per week total. Limit the amount of time they could play and also used the video game ratings to limit the content of the games have children who do better in school and also get into fewer fights. Monitor the effect of video games on your child. Observe their behavior. If it appears that theyre becoming more aggressive with his siblings or friends during the period that theyre playing violent games, chit them from playing the games. If they become interested in history after playing historical games, then the game is beneficial to them.ReferencesPerceived influence of negative and positive video game by Shu Fang Lin Journal of Media and Communication Studies Vol. 2(10), pp. 208-214, December 2010 ISSN 2141 2545 2010 Academic JournalsThe effects of violent video game habits on adolescent hostility, aggressive behavior and school performance by Douglas A. Paul J. Lynch et al (2004) Gentile Journal of Adolescence 27 (2004) 522The effect of violent video games on adolescents by Steven J. Krish Aggression and Violent Behavior 8 (2003) 377 389The impact of video games on children by Rick Missimer from the website www.healthguidance.org Video Games Effect on childhood increment by Brandon T. McDaniel 146 E. 800 N.Provo, Utah 84606http//well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/01/18/video-games-and-the-depressed-teenager/ http//www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/02/AR2008110202392_2.htm Can Video Games Actually Have Positive Effects?By Rebecca Scarlett,Effects of violent games on aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition. Anderson, C. A., & Bushman, B. J. (2001).Impact of entertainment violence on children.American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, & American Medical Association (2000). uniform resource locator http//www.aap.org/advocacy/releases/jstmtevc.htmHostility, Type A behavior , and stress hormones at rest and after playing violent video games in teenagers. Lynch, P. J. (1999).Psychosomatic Medicine, 61, 113.The phys iological and psychological effects of video games. Paschke, M. B., Green, E., & Gentile, D. A. (2001). Poster Presented at the 36th Annual Minnesota Undergraduate Psychology Conference, St. Paul, MN, April 2001.What Do Teens See in Video Games?By Barbara Geller, MDPublished in Journal Watch Psychiatry March 25, 2004Haninger K and Thompson KM. Content and ratings of teen-rated video games. JAMA 2004 Feb 18 291856-65. Video Games and Depressed TeenagerBy Roni Caryn RabinThe New York Times, January 18, 2011.AppendixInterview Questions1. What types of games do you have in your game zone ?2. Which age group mostly and regularly come to play games ?3. What is your view about kids attitude towards games ?4. Do teenagers become addicted to games , if they start coming regularly ?5. Do teenagers spend a lot of money on games ?6. What is the attitude of parents towards gaming?7. Which class (elite, middle, or poor) mostly come to play games in gaming zone ?8. What is the affect of gaming zon es environment on kids (especially on teenagers) ?9. Do you consider that places such as gaming zone is a good source for socializing?10. What is your opinion regarding teenagers indulgence in video games these days? InterviewWhat types of games do you have in your game zone ?We have many types of games in our gaming zone but the most preferred are strategy, action and sports.Which age group mostly and regularly come to play games ?We have a lot of customers who visit us on frequent basis. People as young as 8 years and as old as 40 years come and play games here. But it is the teenagers who mostly visit the gaming zone regularly.What is your view about kids attitude towards games ?Different kids have different attitudes towards games. (Pause) Mostly children who play action games become more aggressive while playing and become impatient and hostile on losing. But children who prefer playing strategic games are quite quick in grasping the techniques of playing other games.Do teenage rs become addicted to games , if they start coming regularly ?Yes, teenagers become quite addicted if they start coming on regular basis. The number of hours they stay in gaming zone keeps on increasing gradually. And most of the teenagers come straight from their schools and stay with their friends for too long playing games.Do teenagers spend a lot of money on games ?Yes, they do. On average, a teenager spend Rs.400 for 3-4 hours in gaming zone. We usually charge Rs.90 per hour for a game but kids prefer snacks along with the games so they end up spending a considerable amount of money on this activity.What is the attitude of parents towards gaming?Usually parents accompany young kids who are aged between 8 to 13. They seem to enjoy games along with their kids but they do not visit us on frequent basis. Parents of adults and teenagers do not visit gaming zone. They are maybe negligent of the gaming habits of their children because these teenagers spend a lot of money as well as ti me in our gaming zone and are never accompanied by their parents.Which class (elite, middle, or poor) mostly come to play games in gaming zone ?Mostly it is the elite and middle class who visit gaming zone.What is the affect of gaming zones environment on kids (especially on teenagers) ?The environment of gaming zone is very good. Teenagers from good family backgrounds come here and enjoy playing games. I think it creates a good impact on teenagers.Do you consider that places such as gaming zone is a good source for socializing?Yes, of track down it is. It provides a healthy environment where people from different age groups come and spend quality time together playing video games. Most games involve multiple players and in such games the teenagers are seen to play as one team. They show team spirit as well as play in collaboration.What is your opinion regarding teenagers indulgence in video games these days?I believe that video games is a good source of entertainment. I know most of the teenagers prefer it over other leisure activities but at the same time I would say anything done excessively is not good. Teenagers need to have a balance in their lives regarding fun and studies. As far as they are able to maintain that balance I would support video game play.QUESTIONNAIRE 1This is a research study on video games by BBA/BSc.I students of Lahore School Of Economics. Do not feel obligated to answer all questions if you are uncomfortable to do so. Thank you for your participation. Demographic information1. Name ( optional ) _____________________2. Gender3. mature4. OccupationPlease choose the desired optionQ5. How many child/children do you have?a) 1b) 2c) 3d) More than 3Q6. Your child is aged betweena) 8 10b) 11 15c) 16 20Q7. Are you a single parent?a) Yesb) NoQ8. What is your occupational status?a) paid economic consumption fulltimeb) paid employment part-timec) supported employmentd) self employedQ9. Does your child show signs of video game addiction? a ) Yesb) NoQ10. On an average weekend, your child plays video games for a) 0 1 hour.b) 2 hours.c) 3 hours.d) 4 hours.e) 5 or more hours.Q11. How many times have you unsuccessfully tried to reduce the amount of time that your child spends on video games? a) neerb) One timec) Two timesd) Three timese) Four or more timesQ12. If you fail to set a limit to video game time, your child would play a) About the same amount as he / she does nowb) Somewhat more than he / she does nowc) Significantly more than he / she does nowd) Far more than he / she does nowQ11. Does your child have access to video game in his / her room? a) Yesb)NoQ12. Does your child have interests external the world of video games? a) neer or rarelyb) Occasionallyc) Oftend) AlwaysQ13. Does your child seems to have few friends outside the gaming world? a) Not at allb) Maybec) Most certainlyQ14. Does your child lies about the time he/she spends on video games? a) Yesb) NoQ15. Does your child prefer playing video games o ver going out with friends? a) Neverb) Occasionallyc) Frequentlyd) AlwaysQ16. Have your childs grades been woe from excessive video gaming? a) Not at allb) Somewhat truec) Definitely trueQ17. Is your child permitted to play video games before the fulfilment of cookery? a) Neverb) Occasionallyc) Frequentlyd) AlwaysQ18. Is your child an active member in the formal school activities or clubs? a) No, none at allb) Yes, one activity or clubc) Yes, two activities or clubsd) Yes, three or more activities or clubsQ19. Does your child neglects his/ her health because of excessive video gaming? a) Neverb) Occasionallyc) Oftend) AlwaysQ20. Is your child employed as a part time worker?a) No, he / she is too young to work , or I prefer that he / she does not work b) No, he she is too involved in other activities (not including video games) c) No, I would like him / her to work but he / she refuses to do so d) Yes, but he / she has difficulty holding onto jobs e) Yes, and he / she successfully holds onto jobsQ21. Does your child becomes irritable or anxious if he/ she cannot access his/her favorite video game? a) Neverb) Rarelyc) Oftend) AlwaysQ22.Does your child becomes angry or defensive if asked about his/her gaming habits? a) Neverb) Occasionallyc) Oftend) AlwaysQ23. As a parent, do you decide what kind of video games does your child plays? a) Neverb) Occasionallyc) Oftend) AlwaysQ24. willing your child have difficulty giving up all of his/her video games for a week? a) No, not at all. This would be very easy for my child b) My child wouldnt like it, but he / she could do it without too many complaints c) My child would have great difficulty giving up video games for one week d) It would be entirely impossible for my child to give up video games for one weekQ25. Does your child plays video games at the first available opportunity? a) Neverb) Rarelyc) Sometimesd) AlwaysQ26. Does your child gets headaches, red eyes, sore fingers or wrist pains from playing video games ? a) Never or very rarelyb) Sometimesc) OftenThank you for your co-operationQUESTIONNAIRE 2This is a research study on video games by BBA/BSc.I students of Lahore School Of Economics. Do not feel obligated to answer all questions if you are uncomfortable to do so. Thank you for your participation. Demographic information5. Name ( optional ) _____________________6. Gender7. Age8. Education Level9. InstitutionPlease choose the desired option10. How often do you play video games?DailyOnce a weekTwice or thrice a weekOnce a month11. What gaming technology do you have in your house? PS-2/3X- boxGameboyLaptop/PcOthers12. How long have you been playing video games?6 monthsyear2 yearsmore than 2 years13. How did you started playing video games who or what motivated you? Self interestFriendsAdvertisements ( magazines, TV)Others14. What is the longest you have ever played without taking any break? 3 hours4 hours5 hoursMore than 5 hours15. What genres of game do you play?ActionSportsPuzzleStra tegyOthers16. How many players participate with you?OneTwoMultiple players e.g. online gamingMyself only17. Do you play violent video games ( usually rated 18 + )? YesNo18. Do you think that the result of the game has a direct effect on your mood after playing? YesNo19. Would you consider yourself an aggressive person? If yes then rate yourself on a scale of 1-5? 120. What would be your major reason to play video game? Keep yourself active at homeTo avoid boredomHobbyEntertain or spend time with your friendsFrustrationOther21. What is it you like best about video game?The feeling that I am in the control of the situation It takes my mind off my problemsThe feeling of mastering the gameOther22. Do video games improve your ability to make decisions quickly? YesNo23. Do you feel video games have sharpened your mind? YesNo24. Do you have any health problems after playing video games? Yes backache, headache, eye strain etcSometimes I get a headache or backacheI get headache once in a mon thNo, I dont have any health issues25. Have you had problems at school that are related to gaming? Yes I am tired all the time and never get my homework done I had turned in late assignments because I was playing games instead of doing homework No I have never let games mediate with my schoolwork26. Do you play any sports?Only video sportsI split my time between sports and video gamesI play only one sportI play more than one sport27. Are your parents comfortable with your gaming?YesNo28. Have you ever tried to quit playing video games? Yes but I always start playing againNo I play as much as I want and it isnt a problem for me No I dont play enough for it to be a problemThank you for your cooperationGraphical data